3. ARTIKEL ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Four Signs True Love 

You can find someone who is really well suited to serve as a life partner and even have more than one in your life. But then how do you really know for sure? Here's help to convince decision of your relationship: Express the desire and why want it? You must have a clarity not only about what you want from love, but what they want in life with your partner. Immediately after knowing it, you'll sure have entered into a relationship with a clear purpose and vision of what your relationship with him. Determining the criteria will help avoid the difficulties involved with someone who is not suitable for you.  Measure your romance although it sounds stale, make a list of your ideal partner expectations. Fill with the desire perfect partner, a special but realistic. The more you know what's right for you, the easier it will capture the moment when he could walk with you. Love yourself There's the old adage says: "You will not be able to make others happy until you're happy yourself." This will not only help when meeting someone new, but also helps you start a relationship at the right time.
Be the best Love is not just looking for someone who will make you happy. Matches will yield the best-maybe someone who will make you become a happier and more productive. The best way to find true love is smart to choose someone and clear why you chose it.

Laughter Can Make Love  The way you laugh, can make other people like and love arise. Therefore, the clever set-pandailah laughter. Once the word and relationship advice expert. He said, if you're trying to attract the opposite sex, try to laugh. Because, laughing turns play an important role in a relationship. Jo-Anne Bachorowski, assistant professor of psychology, Maria Smoski, and Michael J. Owren, a professor from Cornell University, found that humans have varying laughter. Not only that, a study of 120 students at Vanderbilt University, is known, was the sound of laughter can attract people's attention. If we can process it, laughter can cause a sense of love. "Of course, the sound of laughter depends on gender. But its appeal is determined situation and the person's condition and the environment - including who to laugh," explained Bachorowski.  "We are seeing, laughing very effective - like eye contact. And in fact, without realizing it, many people who use tricks to laugh to show an emotional state and how to respond to something," he added. Make people so fancied In fact, laughter is more than just a seasoning of conversation. We can use laughter to control one's emotional state - and yourself, of course. And in fact, many people are interested in the cheap smile. "If people are interested in the mercy of your smile, then you can make them more interested in - or mediocre contrived, set the tone and intonation with laughter."

That said, if you are a woman, then the best way to rip the man's defense is to laugh at rather high tone accompanied by hand movements around the chest. In contrast to men. That said, women are more attracted to men who are good at pressing the laughter until it is lower. With a sound more 'civilized', men can reduce negative thoughts toward women. 10 Tips to Finding and Maintaining Relationships Asmara:

1.      Do not fall in love with someone who is very potential. Too many men and women who have a friend or stay in a relationship with the expectation that others will change.  Be honest and be yourself and ask: "Can I love this person with the actual way in which they are now without hope for change?" if not, find another.

2.       Do not worry about lust. In the sense that in a hurry, people having sex would create a false intimacy, which will lead to disappointment. Take time to create a genuine emotional connection and let the passionate sexual relationship grow.

3.       Do not ignore the desperation to have a relationship. For example, if he makes a statement like "I do not perform properly commitment," Trust him. Ask yourself, "Is this person emotionally and situsioanal willing?" (People tend to spend time to his hobby and then a new partner).

4.      Do not assume your friends are "physically" knowing what you want and need. Responsible to express your feelings and need each other. This will avoid conflict and emotional connections in between you.

5.      Accept your partner is. When the couple entered the honeymoon phase, they often feel satisfied with each other. Continue to do romantic things with one another in every relationship, not only in the early stages. For example, make a "date night" once a week.

6.      Be empathetic to your partner. Set aside some time to your plan and see your partner to understand his thinking. Acknowledge and validate your partner's feelings does not mean you have to agree with them. If this does not mean you have to give up on your own needs. Often times, the feeling of understanding will mean more to your partner than to be right or win the battle.

7.      Focus on what you like about your partner and what they are doing right, rather than about their mistakes.

8.      Your lover back. People who love you back. You will not be involved with someone who will love you.

9.       You do not feel you are walking on eggshells. If you have a strong feeling in your stomach, it is not love, but you try to get approval.

10.  A healthy relationship will enhance self-esteem.

To obtain a harmonious relationship, each partner needs to expose themselves. Healthy relationships happen when both partners feel safe to express themselves actually against each other.
Say It with Flowers. Say it with flowers, that's the phrase we often hear to express something to someone. Bungalah which always represent our feelings toward a loved one.

From generation kegenerasi, the woman who always loved always accept gifts of flowers. Flowers as part of the flora is a symbol of life and beauty, so that when received, women not only feel vibrate and flattered, they feel beautiful and very special. Giving flowers to a loved one will increase the sense of affection for you, and make it still very significant in your life. Generally, interest is given in a special ambiance and to apologize, but the best time to give flowers is when there is no reason whatsoever. If you buy flowers just because you want to know that you love and memikirnya continuously, he would feel more impressed, and honor more than ever. Core giving "surprise" (in an atmosphere that is not party) will add a new atmosphere in your relationship. Here are some flowers with meaning:

• Full of charm carnations.
•   Friendship chrysanthemum.
•    Love is faithful daisies.
•    Bunga Cinta pent glass plate. 
•   The beauty of flowers bungur. 
•   Love and beauty of orchids. 
•   Roses "I can not live without you" . 
•   Rose (thorn less) Love on first sight. 
• Love the perfect tulip. 
• Virtue violets .

There are several ways to submit interest in your partner. Remember, whatever you do, your goal is to impress. The best way is to show the world that he was the companion of your life. Give yourself Why do not you buy flowers and take it straight? You can help situated in the water. Or take him to work and show all her coworkers that you are not only a good but how beruntunganya you have it.  Special delivery  delivering flowers through delivery while you are in place and you see he was surprised when I read a greeting card, he not only feel a million flavors, but he also wanted to make you the same thing.

Whatever the reason, she sent flowers today to show that you love and respect him more than anyone else. Changed By Boyfriend: kudu!? Many people are willing to change for the sake of her lover. Whether it was requested, or the desire itself. What about you? Transformed into a better person, obviously not a problem. In fact, Cindy Haynes in The Book of Change, it was suggested. Moreover, if based on personal awareness. "Changed or (rather) a compromise for the sake of love, will contribute to the relationship. Moreover, if the change is positive and inspiring for both of us. Nothing wrong, koq!" Haynes said. Then, what kind of changes that could be considered positive and inspiring? Appearance, as if you are sued appear graceful and sexy, but you are a casual person. Do not be frustrated, but try to find a new side that you never feel. Compromised, to the extent where you can change it. At the very least, you do not need to be changed completely.

Weight. Naturally, if he concentrates on body weight. The reason, besides not pleasing to the eye, too thin or too 'ndut' it's a sign people are less healthy. No offense, but think about the positive side, unless you feel comfortable with the current body weight.

Changing nature. This is the most difficult, because nature is already innate. But when he takes you into a better direction, why not? Moreover, if (the word friend), you've got a line of nature "ugly", such as hot-tempered, vindictive, or lazy. Okay, is it that can be changed?

More smart. That is certainly not because you are stupid, but he would feel more proud if you can 'more' smart. This can add your spirit to emerge as a more personal quality. Absolutely not change a bad right? In essence, as far as changes that affect the prosecution of either, we need to consider. After all, not just for the good relationship, but for us too! Well, if love more intently, absorbed in it? Romantic Means Mesra? It is said that girls prefer romantic things than men. But really, what is the meaning of romance for you? There are many definitions of a romantic or romantic. What is clear, said Robert Billingham, a professor from Indiana University, USA, romance is not just a gentle caress, sweet words, cast in the eye, and a brown derby, or a myriad of compliments. "For women, romance is a reflection of trust to the spouse," says Billingham. "A woman will realize, sexual intimacy involving the willingness to 'surrender'. That was done because she believes in her partner. "Women usually contain emotional romanticism. A prostitute will say, that intercourse with her boyfriend, in contrast to a joint customer. "When the 'work', prostitutes do not have the emotional attachment. "As for men, being romantic is more directed to a sense of love, affection, the provider and protector. "When being romantic, he really wanted to say I love you and do not intend evil, then believe me," says Billingham. But unfortunately, very few men who engage emotion and confidence in the romance. That caused a sense of love, affection and protection needed to say, sometimes not until the goal. According to Billingham, men prefer the passion and sex in a romance.

Why is that? A neurologist, Dr. James Olds explained, it is caused by differences in biological structure and sex between men and women. "That's why men and women look at romance from a different lens," said Olds, from George Mason University, Virginia, USA. Clearly, "Men have a supply of sperm that may be infinite and biologically, they have been programmed to 'spread the seeds of it'. That way, they will only be considered romantic if someone wants to be a place for distributing the seeds."

2. BERIKAN 5 CONTOH KALIMAT ACTIF DAN PASSIVE

• Aktif :

1.       He is buying a car.

2.       They will polish the car.

3.       She would sell that house.

4.       I shall have seen you.

5.       He hated me.

• Pasif :

1.       A car is being bought by him.

2.       The car will be polished by them.

3.       That house    would be sold by her.

4.       You will have been seen by me.

5.       I was hated by him.

1. TEORI ACTIVE DAN PASSIVE VOICE

Mulai dalam pelajaran terdahulu sampai pelajaran ini kita sudah banyak membicarakan tentang kata bantu to be (is, am, are), Must, can. Sekarang kita masih mempermasalahkan kata bantu itu terutama dalam pembentukan kalimat pasif. Sebelum kita melanjutkan bagaimana untuk membentuk kalimat pasif tersebut ada baiknya kita mengetahui kalimat berikut:

a.       Saya memanggil = I am calling

b.      Saya di pangil      = I am called

Dalam kalimat 1, kita melihat awalan me- dan kalimat 2, kita melihat awalan di- dalam bahasa Indonesia. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, awalan me- dan ber – disebut aktif dan awalan di- dan ter- disebut pasif. Demikian juga dalam bahasa inggris, I am calling disebut aktif dan I am called disebut pasif.

Diamana letak perbedaannya?

Letak perbedaannya hanya dalam kata kerjanya. 

• Kata kerja yang ditambah ing- adalah aktif.

• Kata kerja bentuk ketiga atau past participle adalah pasif.

Cara membentuk kalimat pasif dari aktif:

1.      Pokok kalimat didalam kalimat aktif menjadi penderita didalam pasif, dan sebaliknya penderita didalam kalimat aktif menjadi pokok didalam pasif.

2.      Rumus: to be + past participle.

3.      Perubahan tense (waktu) seperti dalam aktif.

Contoh:

Aktif   : I write a letter.

Pasif    : A letter is written by me.

Aktif   : He hated me.

Pasif    : I was hated by him

.

1.      Ingat kembali pasangan-pasangan kata bantu to be (is, am, are) dengan pokok kalimat. Dan juga perubahan pokok kalimat menjadi penderita, misalnya I menjadi me, he menjadi him.

2.      Ingat kembali perubahan kata kerja beraturan dan kata kerja tak beraturan, misalnya: to hate - hated; to write – wrote – wrriten.

3.      Ingat kembali bentuk tunggal dan jamak dari kata benda atau kata ganti orang. Kalau tidak, anda akan mengalami  kesulitan dalam penempatan to be (is, am, are) dan was, were.

artikel adverbial clauses

As a loyal constituency that voted for President Yudhoyono since the 2004 elections, Dipo Alam believes there are no symptoms of the Yudhoyono government made a mistake that deserves to dimakzulkan.

According to him, government regulation in Indonesia is a presidential system, so there should be no imposition of ways as is the case in parliamentary systems.

"I see in-impeach Gus Dur was sad, though how he was the president when it despite its flaws. And I hope that the impeachment of our President, Gus Dur, is the latest victim, do not repeat again, "he said.

Here are excerpts of an interview with Dipo Alam BETWEEN:
Dipo: So far I still, I know tupoksi (main duties and functions of-ed) me as the Cabinet Secretary, I take care of Presidential Decree, Presidential Instruction, perpres, retired people, hearing problems, legal problems, and I facilitate for the management of the President and Cabinet Vice President. In addition I can also to coordinate additional specialized staff president.

When I was sworn in as Cabinet Secretary is the one thing that I remember from the speech, the president saying that my duties in the management of the cabinet is not in the result only of legislation but also the process. It was my own translated in the management of this cabinet. So this is not limited scopenya limited keppres papers, Presidential Instruction, these problems were later also the trial legislation, presidential directives later in the trial that I bring to the cabinet also told the ministers. I'd run it one year, I never spoke, almost rare because I know my position as Cabinet Secretary.

But when the interfaith group that has become a public discourse on the outside and given a chance by the president for dialogue at the Palace, but unfortunately that is displayed by Pak Din Syamsuddin primarily as a leader who calls for dialogue, I was so surprised. I see from the expression-expression that he is not genuine criticism as a moral movement, but he already shows a hatred in the expression-expression in the sense that if you can reduce SBY as a president. So I thought it was time because if I ask a special staff and I also asked the president to the ministers, they are busy with their respective fields. I think I took the initiative.

TEORI ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Adverbial Clauses adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:

·         Shut the door before you go out.

·         You may begin when(ever) you are ready.

·         While he was walking home, he saw an accident.

·         By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.

·         No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:

• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

Contoh:

• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Contoh:

• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:

• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll

Contoh:

• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)

2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Contoh:

• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.

Contoh:

• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

Catatan: 

Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:

1)      Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

b.      MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2)      Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

b.      MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.

Contoh:

1. DAPAT DIRUBAH

• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.

2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH

• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.

Contoh:

• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.

ARTIKEL ILMU BUDAYA DASAR

 Manusia dan keindahan

Keindahan berasal dari kata indah, artinya bagus, permai, cantik, elok, molek dan sebagainya. Benda yang mempunyai sifat indah ialah segala hasil seni, (meskipun tidak semua hasil seni indahl, pemandangari alam (pantai, pegunungan, danau, bunga-bunga di lereng gunung), manusia (wajah, mata, bibir, hidung, rambut, kaki, tubuh), rumah (halaman, ta13nan, perabot rumah tangga dan sebagainya), suara, warna dan sebagainya. Keindahan adalah identik dengan kebenaran.

Menurut The Liang Gie dalam bukunya “G,a-ris Besar Estetik” (Filsafat Keindahan) dalam bahasa Inggris keindahan itu diterjemahkan dengan kata “beautiful”, Perancis “beau”, Italia dan Spanyol “bello”, kata-kata itu ber­asal dari- bahasa Latin “bellum”. Akar katanya adalah ”bonum” yang berarti kebaikan kemudian mempunyai bentuk pengecilan menjadi’ ”bonellum” dan terakhir dipendekkan sehingga ditulis “bellum”.

Keindahan dalam arti luas. Selanjutnya The Liang Gie menjelaskan.bahwa keindahan dalam arti luas mengandung pengertian ide kebaikan. Misalnya Plato menyebut watak yang indah dan hukum yang indah, sedangkan Aristoteles merumuskan keindahan sebagai sesuatu yang baik dan juga menyenangkan.

· keindahan seni

· keindahan alam

· keindahan moral

· keindahan intelektual.

 Keindahan dalam arti estetik murni.Keindahan dalam arti estetik murni menyangkut pengalaman estetik seorang dalam hubungannya dengan segala sesuatu yang diserapnya.

Keindahan dalam arti terbatas dalam hubungannya dengan penglihatan.keindahan dalam arti yang terbatas, me~punyai arti yang lebih disempitkan sehingga hanya menyangkut bendabenda yang dapat -diserap dengan penglihatan, yakni berupa keindahan bentuk dan warna. keindahan tersusun dari berbagai keselarasan dan kebalikan dari garis, warna, bentuk, nada, dan kata-kata. Ada pula yang berpendapat bahwa keindahan adalah suatu kumpulan hubungan-hubungan yang selaras dalam suatu benda dan di antara benda itu dengan si pengamat.

Kebudayaan Jawa

Daerah kebudayaan Jawa sangatlah luas meliputi seluruh bagian tengah dan timur pulau Jawa. Ada daerah yang disebut daerahKejawen yaitu Banyumas, Kedu, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Madiun, Malang dan Kediri. Daerah di luar yang tersebut di atas disebut daerah Pesisir dan Ujung Timur. Sehubungan dengan itu, maka dalam rangka seluruh kebudayan

Jawa ini, dua daerah luas bekas kerajaan Mataram sebelum terpecah yakni Yogyakarta dan Surakarta merupakan pusat kebudayaan Jawa. Sudah barang tentu terdapat berbagai variasi dan perbedaan yang bersifat lokal dalam beberapa unsur kebudayaannya di daerah yang tercakup dalam kebudayaan Jawa. Namun, variasi dan perbedaan tersebut tidaklah besar karena apabila diteliti, hal-hal itu masih menunjukkan satu pola ataupun satu sistim kebudayaan Jawa. Penduduk

Suku bangsaJawa, adalah suku bangsa terbesar di Indonesia. Jumlahnya mungkin ada sekitar 90 juta data pada tahun 2004. Mereka berasal dari pulau Jawa dan terutama ditemukan di provinsi Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur. Tetapi di provinsi Jawa Barat, Banten dan tentu saja Jakarta mereka banyak ditemukan. Selain suku Jawa baku terdapat subsuku Osing dan Tengger.

Orang Jawa memiliki stereotipe sebagai suku bangsa yang sopan dan halus.Tetapi mereka juga terkenal sebagai suku bangsa yang tertutup dan tidak mau terus terang. Sifat ini konon berdasarkan watak orang Jawa yang ingin menjaga harmoni atau keserasian dan menghindari konflik, karena itulah mereka cenderung untuk diam dan tidak membantah apabila terjadi perbedaan pendapat.

Orang Jawa sebagian besar secara nominal menganut agama Islam. Tetapi yang menganut agama Kristen; Protestan dan Katholik juga banyak. Mereka juga terdapat di daerah pedesaan. Penganut agama Buddha dan Hindu juga ditemukan pula di antara masyarakat Jawa.

SukuTengger adalah sebuah suku yang tinggal di sekitar Gunung Bromo, Jawa Timur, yakni menempati sebagian wilayah Kabupaten Pasuruan, Kabupaten Probolinggo, dan Kabupaten Malang. Suku Tengger, konon adalah keturunan pelarian Kerajaan Majapahit, tersebar di Pegunungan Tengger dan sekitarnya.

Orang-orang suku Tengger dikenal taat dengan aturan dan agama Hindu. Mereka yakin merupakan keturunan langsung dari Majapahit.Nama Tengger berasal dari Legenda Roro Anteng dan Joko Seger yang diyakini sebagai asal usul nama Tengger, yaitu "Teng" akhiran nama Roro An-"teng" dan "ger" akhiran nama dari Joko Se-"ger".

Bagi suku Tengger, Gunung Brahma (Bromo) dipercaya sebagai gunung suci. Setahun sekali masyarakat Tengger mengadakan upacara Yadnya Kasada atau Kasodo. Upacara ini bertempat di sebuah pura yang berada di bawah kaki Gunung Bromo utara dan dilanjutkan ke puncak gunung Bromo. Upacara diadakan pada tengah malam hingga dini hari setiap bulan purnama sekitar tanggal 14 atau 15 di bulan kasodo (kesepuluh) menurut penanggalan Jawa.

Kebudayaan Sunda

Kebudayaan Sunda termasuk salah satu kebudayaan suku bangsa di Indonesia yang berusia tua. Bahkan, dibandingkan dengan kebudayaan Jawa sekalipun, kebudayaan Sunda sebenarnya termasuk kebudayaan yang berusia relatif lebih tua, setidaknya dalam hal pengenalan terhadap budaya tulis. "Kegemilangan" kebudayaan Sunda di masa lalu, khususnya semasa Kerajaan Tarumanegara dan Kerajaan Sunda, dalam perkembangannya kemudian seringkali dijadikan acuan dalam memetakan apa yang dinamakan kebudayaan Sunda.

Kebudayaan Sunda yang ideal pun kemudian sering dikaitkan sebagai kebudayaan raja-raja Sunda atau tokoh yang diidentikkan dengan raja Sunda. Dalam kaitan ini, jadilah sosok Prabu Siliwangi dijadikan sebagai tokoh panutan dan kebanggaan urang Sunda karena dimitoskan sebagai raja Sunda yang berhasil, sekaligus mampu memberikan kesejahteraan kepada rakyatnya.

Dalam perkembangannya yang paling kontemporer, kebudayaan Sunda kini banyak mendapat gugatan kembali. Pertanyaan seputar eksistensi kebudayaan Sunda pun sering kali mencuat ke permukaan. Apakah kebudayaan Sunda masih ada? Kalau masih ada, siapakah pemiliknya? Pertanyaan seputar eksistensi kebudayaan Sunda yang tampaknya provokatif tersebut, bila dikaji dengan tenang sebenarnya merupakan pertanyaan yang wajar-wajar saja. Mengapa demikian? Jawabannya sederhana, karena kebudayaan Sunda dalam kenyataannya saat ini memang seperti kehilangan ruhnya atau setidaknya tidak jelas arah dan tujuannya. Mau dibawa ke mana kebudayaan Sunda tersebut?

Setidaknya ada empat daya hidup yang perlu dicermati dalam kebudayaan Sunda, yaitu, kemampuan beradaptasi, kemampuan mobilitas, kemampuan tumbuh dan berkembang, serta kemampuan regenerasi. Kemampuan beradaptasi kebudayaan Sunda, terutama dalam merespons berbagai tantangan yang muncul, baik dari dalam maupun dari luar, dapat dikatakan memperlihatkan tampilan yang kurang begitu menggembirakan. Bahkan, kebudayaan Sunda seperti tidak memiliki daya hidup manakala berhadapan dengan tantangan dari luar.

Akibatnya, tidaklah mengherankan bila semakin lama semakin banyak unsur kebudayaan Sunda yang tergilas oleh kebudayaan asing. Sebagai contoh paling jelas, bahasa Sunda yang merupakan bahasa komunitas urang Sunda tampak secara eksplisit semakin jarang digunakan oleh pemiliknya sendiri, khususnya para generasi muda Sunda. Lebih memprihatinkan lagi, menggunakan bahasa Sunda dalam komunikasi sehari-hari terkadang diidentikkan dengan "keterbelakangan", untuk tidak mengatakan primitif. Akibatnya, timbul rasa gengsi pada urang Sunda untuk menggunakan bahasa Sunda dalam pergaulannya sehari-hari. Bahkan, rasa "gengsi" ini terkadang ditemukan pula pada mereka yang sebenarnya merupakan pakar di bidang bahasa Sunda, termasuk untuk sekadar mengakui bahwa dirinya adalah pakar atau berlatar belakang keahlian di bidang bahasa Sunda

Kebudayaan Nasional

kebudayaan nasional dalam pandangan Ki Hajar Dewantara adalah “puncak-puncak dari kebudayaan daerah”. Kutipan pernyataan ini merujuk pada paham kesatuan makin dimantapkan, sehingga ketunggalikaan makin lebih dirasakan daripada kebhinekaan. Wujudnya berupa negara kesatuan, ekonomi nasional, hukum nasional, serta bahasa nasional. Definisi yang diberikan oleh Koentjaraningrat dapat dilihat dari peryataannya: “yang khas dan bermutu dari suku bangsa mana pun asalnya, asal bisa mengidentifikasikan diri dan menimbulkan rasa bangga, itulah kebudayaan nasional”. Pernyataan ini merujuk pada puncak-puncak kebudayaan daerah dan kebudayaan suku bangsa yang bisa menimbulkan rasa bangga bagi orang Indonesia jika ditampilkan untuk mewakili identitas bersama.Nunus Supriadi, “Kebudayaan Daerah dan Kebudayaan Nasional”

Pernyataan yang tertera pada GBHN tersebut merupakan penjabaran dari UUD 1945 Pasal 32. Dewasa ini tokoh-tokoh kebudayaan Indonesia sedang mempersoalkan eksistensi kebudayaan daerah dan kebudayaan nasional terkait dihapuskannya tiga kalimat penjelasan pada pasal 32 dan munculnya ayat yang baru. Mereka mempersoalkan adanya kemungkinan perpecahan oleh kebudayaan daerah jika batasan mengenai kebudayaan nasional tidak dijelaskan secara gamblang.

Sebelum di amandemen, UUD 1945 menggunakan dua istilah untuk mengidentifikasi kebudayaan daerah dan kebudayaan nasional. Kebudayaan bangsa, ialah kebudayaan-kebudayaan lama dan asli yang terdapat sebagi puncak-puncak di daerah-daerah di seluruh Indonesia, sedangkan kebudayaan nasional sendiri dipahami sebagai kebudayaan angsa yang sudah berada pada posisi yang memiliki makna bagi seluruh bangsa Indonesia. Dalam kebudayaan nasional terdapat unsur pemersatu dari Banga Indonesia yang sudah sadar dan menglami persebaran secara nasional. Di dalamnya terdapat unsur kebudayaan bangsa dan unsur kebudayaan asing, serta unsur kreasi baru atau hasil invensi nasional. Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradsional, Kongres Kebudayaan 1991: Kebudayaan Nasional Kini dan di Masa Depan

Lingkungan Sosial Budaya

Manusia adalah makhluk hidup yang dapat dilihat dari dua sisi, yaitu sebagai makhlukbiologis dan makhluk sosial. Sebagai makhluk biologis, makhluk manusia atau “homosapiens”, sama seperti makhluk hidup lainnya yang mempunyai peran masing-masingdalam menunjang sistem kehidupan. Sebagai makhluk sosial, manusia merupakan bagian dari sistem sosial masyarakat secara berkelompok membentuk budaya.

Ada perbedaan mendasar tentang asal mula manusia, kelompok evolusionis pengikut Darwin menyatakan bahwa manusia berasal dari kera yang berevolusi selama ratusan ribu tahun, berbeda dengan kelompok yang menyanggah teori evolusi melalui teori penciptaan, yang menyatakan bahwa manusia itu diciptakan oleh Allah. Pemahaman tentang hidup dan kehidupan, itu tidak mudah. Makin banyak hal yang Anda lihat tentang gejala adanya hidup dan kehidupan, makin nampak bahwa hidup itu sesuatuyang rumit. Pada individu dengan organisasi yang kompleks, hidup ditandai denganeksistensi vital, yaitu: dimulai dengan proses metabolisme, kemudian pertumbuhan,perkembangan, reproduksi, dan adaptasi internal, sampai berakhirnya segenap proses itubagi suatu “individu”. Tetapi bagi “individu” lain seperti sel-sel, jaringan, organ-organ,dan sistem organisme yang termasuk dalam alam mikroskopis, batasan hidup adalah tidakjelas atau samar-samar.

Kehidupan adalah fenomena atau perwujudan adanya hidup, yang didukung tidak sajaoleh makhluk hidup (biotik), tetapi juga benda mati (abiotik), dan berlangsung dalamdinamikanya seluruh komponen kehidupan itu. Ada perpaduan erat antara yang hidupdengan yang mati dalam kehidupan. Mati adalah bagian dari daur kehidupan yang
memungkinkan terciptanya kehidupan itu secara berlanjut.

Makhluk hidup bersel satu adalah makhluk yang pertama berkembang. Jutaan tahunkemudian kehidupan di laut mulai berkembang. Binatang kerang muncul, lalu ikan kemudian disusul amphibi. Lambat laun binatang daratan berkembang pula muncul
reptil, burung dan binatang menyusui. Baru kira-kira 25 juta tahun yang lalu muncul
manusia kemudian berkembang berkelompok dalam suku-suku bangsa seperti saat ini,
dan hampir di setiap sudut bumi ditempati manusia yang berkembang dengan cepat.

Lingkungan hidup adalah suatu konsep holistik yang berwujud di bumi ini dalam bentuk,susunan, dan fungsi interaktif antara semua pengada baik yang insani (biotik) maupunyang ragawi (abiotik). Keduanya saling mempengaruhi dan menentukan, baik bentuk danperwujudan bumi di mana berlangsungnya kehidupan yaitu biosfir maupun bentuk danperwujudan dari kehidupan itu sendiri, seperti yang disebutkan dalam hipotesa Gaia.Lingkungan hidup yang dimaksud tersebut tidak bisa lepas darikehidupan manusia, oleh karena itu yang dimaksud dengan lingkungan hidup adalah lingkungan hidup manusia.